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History of Artificial Intelligence
1936
- Alan Turing invents Turing Machine
- Foundation for computation
- Shows machines can compute
1950
- Turing proposes Turing Test
- "Can machines think?"
- Focus on measurable intelligence
1952
- Arthur Samuel’s checkers program
- Introduces machine learning
- Improves via self-play
1956
- Dartmouth Conference births AI
- John McCarthy coins "AI"
- Optimism for human-level AI
1965
- Joseph Weizenbaum creates ELIZA
- Early NLP mimics therapist
- Shows conversational potential
1969
- Minsky & Papert’s *Perceptrons*
- Critiques neural networks
- Slows neural research
1979
- Stanford Cart navigates
- Uses computer vision
- Early robotics step
1986
- Backpropagation revives neural nets
- Rumelhart improves training
- Enables deeper networks
1997
- Deep Blue beats Kasparov
- Chess mastery via brute force
- AI strategy milestone
2006
- Hinton advances deep learning
- Neural nets gain traction
- Big data & GPUs fuel growth
2011
- Watson wins *Jeopardy!*
- Excels in NLP & Q&A
- Real-time AI power
2016
- AlphaGo defeats Lee Sedol
- Deep learning masters Go
- Intuitive AI capability
2020
- GPT-3 by OpenAI released
- Large language model excels
- Transforms text generation
2023
- Generative AI booms
- ChatGPT, DALL-E gain fame
- AI reshapes creativity
Key Figures in AI
Pioneers of AI
- Alan Turing (1912–1954): Turing Machine, Turing Test, AI foundation
- John McCarthy (1927–2011): Coined "AI," developed Lisp
- Marvin Minsky (1927–2016): MIT AI Lab, neural networks, perception
- Herbert Simon (1916–2001): Early AI theories, General Problem Solver
- Allen Newell (1927–1992): Symbolic AI, cognitive modeling
- Claude Shannon (1916–2001): Information theory for AI, machine learning
Machine Learning & Neural Networks
- Frank Rosenblatt (1928–1971): Developed Perceptron, early neural net
- Geoffrey Hinton (b. 1947): Deep learning, popularized backpropagation
- Yann LeCun (b. 1960): Convolutional neural networks (CNNs)
- Jürgen Schmidhuber (b. 1963): Co-developed LSTM networks
- David Rumelhart (1942–2011): Co-developed backpropagation
- Ronald J. Williams (b. 1953): Reinforcement learning, backpropagation
Modern AI & Deep Learning
- Fei-Fei Li (b. 1976): Developed ImageNet for vision breakthroughs
- Demis Hassabis (b. 1976): DeepMind, AlphaGo, AlphaFold
- Elon Musk (b. 1971): Co-founder OpenAI, AI safety research
- Sam Altman (b. 1985): CEO OpenAI, ChatGPT, GPT-4
- Ilya Sutskever (b. 1985): OpenAI co-founder, deep learning
- Dario Amodei (b. 1980s): AI safety, co-founder Anthropic
Robotics & AI Applications
- Hans Moravec (b. 1948): AI robotics, computer vision pioneer
- Rodney Brooks (b. 1954): Behavior-based robotics
- Sebastian Thrun (b. 1967): Self-driving cars, Google Waymo
AI Ethics & Philosophy
- Stuart Russell (b. 1962): Ethical AI development advocate
- Nick Bostrom (b. 1973): AI safety, existential risks philosopher